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Strategic analysis of China’s geothermal energy industry

Hao GONG, Baicun WANG, Haijun LIANG, Zuoxian LUO, Yaofeng CAO

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2021年 第8卷 第3期   页码 390-401 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0106-4

摘要： China is an early user of geothermal energy, and its direct use ranks first in the world. Recent national strategies and policies have enabled China’s geothermal energy industry to enter a new era with important development opportunities. This paper investigates the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) to China’s geothermal energy industry from political, economic, social, and technological (PEST) perspectives. SWOT–PEST analysis indicates that the resources, market, and technological foundation exist for the large-scale development of China’s geothermal energy industry. However, it experiences constraints, such as unclear resource distributions, incomplete development of government regulations, incomplete implementation of national policies, unclear authority between governmental administrative systems, and lack of uniform technical standards and codes. Therefore, future development strategies have been proposed to provide technical support and policy tools for geothermal energy development. The recommendations to ensure its healthy and sustainable development include improving resource exploration, rationalizing administration systems, enhancing policy guidance and financial support, and cultivating geothermal talent.

关键词： geothermal energy     strategic analysis     SWOT–PEST     policy     administration    

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Large-scale geo-energy development: Sustainability impacts

Li JIANG,Liandong ZHU,Erkki HILTUNEN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第4期   页码 757-763 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0455-9

摘要： Geothermal energy is a renewable and alternative energy with the potential to replace fossil fuels and help mitigate global warming. However, the development of geothermal energy has environmental, economic and social-cultural consequences, which needs to be predicted beforehand and then mitigated. To guarantee a sustainable development, it is, therefore, essential to consider the relative potential impacts. From a sustainability point of view, in the present study, a comprehensive analysis of consequences of geothermal energy development is conducted, including environmental, economic and societal & cultural dimensions. The geothermal energy industry will prosper only if sustainable aspects can be integrally considered.

关键词： geothermal energy     sustainability     impact     development    

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深部矿产和地热资源共采战略研究

蔡美峰,多吉,陈湘生,毛景文,唐春安,刘志强,纪洪广,任奋华, 郭奇峰,李鹏

《中国工程科学》 2021年 第23卷 第6期   页码 43-51 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.06.006

摘要：

深部矿产和地热资源共采是实现深部采矿可持续发展的重要举措，也为深部高温岩层地热开采提供了全新技术手段。 本文分析了深部矿产和地热资源共采的重要价值，梳理了国内外地热资源的开发利用现状，总结了我国在深部矿产和地热资 源共采方面的基础研究进展；在剖析深部矿产和地热资源共采面临的技术与管理挑战的基础上，论证形成了实施综合开发利 用亟需的技术体系构成，涉及深部矿产资源与深部地热开发利用调查及前景研判、高温坚硬岩层地下巷道与硐室掘进及建造、 深部矿产资源开采系统和地热开发系统“共建 – 共存 – 共用”的关键理论与技术体系、深部高温岩层地热能交换和输送理论 与技术。研究提出了地质勘查、科技创新、扶持政策、顶层规划与科研示范基地等方面的发展建议，以期为我国矿业和地热 产业可持续、高质量发展提供参考。

关键词： 深部矿产     地热资源     矿–热共采     高温岩层     地热能交换和输送    

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典型高温地热系统——羊八井热田基本特征

多吉

《中国工程科学》 2003年 第5卷 第1期   页码 42-47

摘要：

羊八井热田是属于陆陆碰撞板缘非火山型高温地热田。热田是由3个不同能的热储层构成，即浅层、深部第一和第二热储层，实质上它们属同一个水力系统，是一个完整的地热系统的不同部位。浅层热储由第四系松散沉积物及部分基岩风化壳构成，其埋深在地表以下180～280 m，热储温度130～173℃，水质类型为C1--HCO3--Na+型水，属深部热流体与冷水混合的产物，流体以液相为主。深部热储由变质杂岩体中的滑离断层系构造空间构成，属基岩裂隙型脉状或带状热储，其中深部第一热储埋深为950～1 350 m，最高温度259.6 ℃；深部第二热储位于1 850 m深，热储最高温度可达329.8 ℃，深部热流体水质类型均属C1--Na+ 型，气体组份中CO2占主导地位。

关键词： 高温地热     热储层     成因     羊八井     西藏    

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A comprehensive review of renewable energy resources for electricity generation in Australia

Alireza HEIDARI, Ali ESMAEEL NEZHAD, Ahmad TAVAKOLI, Navid REZAEI, Foad H. GANDOMAN, Mohammad Reza MIVEH, Abdollah AHMADI, Majid MALEKPOUR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第3期   页码 510-529 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0671-6

摘要： Recently, renewable energy resources and their impacts have sparked a heated debate to resolve the Australian energy crisis. There are many projects launched throughout the country to improve network security and reliability. This paper aims to review the current status of different renewable energy resources along with their impacts on society and the environment. Besides, it provides for the first time the statistics of the documents published in the field of renewable energy in Australia. The statistics include information such as the rate of papers published, possible journals for finding relative paper, types of documents published, top authors, and the most prevalent keywords in the field of renewable energy in Australia. It will focus on solar, wind, biomass, geothermal and hydropower technologies and will investigate the social and environmental impacts of these technologies.

关键词： renewable energy     hydro energy     wind power     photovoltaic     geothermal     bioenergy    

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A novel flow-resistor network model for characterizing enhanced geothermal system heat reservoir

Jian GUO, Wenjiong CAO, Yiwei WANG, Fangming JIANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第1期   页码 99-106 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0555-1

摘要： The fracture characteristics of a heat reservoir are of critical importance to enhanced geothermal systems, which can be investigated by theoretical modeling. This paper presents the development of a novel flow-resistor network model to describe the hydraulic processes in heat reservoirs. The fractures in the reservoir are simplified by using flow resistors and the typically complicated fracture network of the heat reservoir is converted into a flow-resistor network with a reasonably simple pattern. For heat reservoirs with various fracture configurations, the corresponding flow-resistor networks are identical in terms of framework though the networks may have different section numbers and the flow resistors may have different values. In this paper, numerous cases of different section numbers and resistor values are calculated and the results indicate that the total number of flow resistances between the injection and production wells is primarily determined by the number of fractures in the reservoir. It is also observed that a linear dependence of the total flow resistance on the number of fractures and the relation is obtained by the best fit of the calculation results. Besides, it performs a case study dealing with the Soultz enhanced geothermal system (EGS). In addition, the fracture numbers underneath specific well systems are derived. The results provide insight on the tortuosity of the flow path between different wells.

关键词： enhanced geothermal systems     flow-resistor network model     fracture characteristics     heat reservoir    

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Thermo-economic analysis of a direct supercritical CO electric power generation system using geothermal

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第2期   页码 246-262 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0749-9

摘要： A comprehensive thermo-economic model combining a geothermal heat mining system and a direct supercritical CO2 turbine expansion electric power generation system was proposed in this paper. Assisted by this integrated model, thermo-economic and optimization analyses for the key design parameters of the whole system including the geothermal well pattern and operational conditions were performed to obtain a minimal levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Specifically, in geothermal heat extraction simulation, an integrated wellbore-reservoir system model (T2Well/ECO2N) was used to generate a database for creating a fast, predictive, and compatible geothermal heat mining model by employing a response surface methodology. A parametric study was conducted to demonstrate the impact of turbine discharge pressure, injection and production well distance, CO2 injection flowrate, CO2 injection temperature, and monitored production well bottom pressure on LCOE, system thermal efficiency, and capital cost. It was found that for a 100 MWe power plant, a minimal LCOE of $0.177/kWh was achieved for a 20-year steady operation without considering CO2 sequestration credit. In addition, when CO2 sequestration credit is $1.00/t, an LCOE breakeven point compared to a conventional geothermal power plant is achieved and a breakpoint for generating electric power generation at no cost was achieved for a sequestration credit of $2.05/t.

关键词： geothermal heat mining     supercritical CO2     power generation     thermo-economic analysis     optimization    

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地热能储存与CO2封存和利用的一体化框架 Article

刘月亮, 胡婷, 芮振华, 张政, 都凯, 杨涛, Birol Dindoruk, Erling Halfdan Stenby, Farshid Torabi, Andrey Afanasyevc

《工程（英文）》 2023年 第30卷 第11期   页码 121-130 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.12.010

摘要：

地下地热能储存在封存容量和封存周期上比其他储能策略更具有潜力。二氧化碳（CO2）由于其优越的热力学属性而被视是一种极具潜力的储能介质。此外，利用CO2羽流进行地热储能可通过将CO2储存于地质体中来缓解温室效应。本文提出了一个协同地热能储能和二氧化碳封存利用的一体化框架：CO2首先被注入到地热层以进行能量积累。然后，将产生的高能CO2引入到目标油藏中，用于CO2利用和地热能储存。最后，将CO2有效地封存在地质油藏体中。结果表明，随着高能CO2的注入，整个目标油藏的平均温度大幅度提高。在地热能的协助下，CO2的地质利用率更高，从而使驱油效率提高了10.1%。根据对模拟CO2场地的封存潜力的评估，CO2注入110年后，地质体的利用率将高达91.2%，场地内CO2的最终注入量将高达9.529 × 108 t。经过1000年封存，超临界相在CO2封存中占主导地位，其次是液相，然后是矿化相。此外，由于残余油的存在，用于溶解捕获的CO2封存量显著增加。更重要的是，CO2在大规模储存地热能方面表现出优异的性能；例如，在所研究的地质体中储存的总能量每年可为超过3.5 × 107户正常家庭提供能源供应。采用这种一体化方法对大规模地热能储存以及到2050年实现碳中和目标具有十分重要的意义。

关键词： 地热能储存     CO2封存     碳中和     大规模     CO2利用    

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A numerical study of non-Darcy flow in EGS heat reservoirs during heat extraction

Wenjiong CAO, Wenbo HUANG, Guoling WEI, Yunlong JIN, Fangming JIANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第3期   页码 439-449 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0612-4

摘要： Underground non-Darcy fluid flow has been observed and investigated for decades in the petroleum industry. It is deduced by analogy that the fluid flow in enhanced geothermal system (EGS) heat reservoirs may also be in the non-Darcy regime under some conditions. In this paper, a transient 3D model was presented, taking into consideration the non-Darcy fluid flow in EGS heat reservoirs, to simulate the EGS long-term heat extraction process. Then, the non-Darcy flow behavior in water- and supercritical CO (SCCO )-based EGSs was simulated and discussed. It is found that non-Darcy effects decrease the mass flow rate of the fluid injected and reduce the heat extraction rate of EGS as a flow resistance in addition to the Darcy resistance which is imposed to the seepage flow in EGS heat reservoirs. Compared with the water-EGS, the SCCO -EGS are more prone to experiencing much stronger non-Darcy flow due to the much larger mobility of the SCCO . The non-Darcy flow in SCCO - EGSs may thus greatly reduce their heat extraction performance. Further, a criterion was analyzed and proposed to judge the onset of the non-Darcy flow in EGS heat reservoirs. The fluid flow rate and the initial thermal state of the reservoir were taken and the characteristic Forchheimer number of an EGS was calculated. If the calculated Forchheimer number is larger than 0.2, the fluid flow in EGS heat reservoirs experiences non-negligible non-Darcy flow characteristic.

关键词： enhanced geothermal system     non-Darcy flow     heat extraction     Reynolds number     Forchheimer number    

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核能发展国际高端论坛 International Summit on Nuclear Energy Development

会议日期： 2019年05月15日

会议地点： 中国

主办单位： 中国工程院

Microwave-induced high-energy sites and targeted energy transition promising for efficient energy deployment

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第6期   页码 931-942 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0771-y

摘要： Diverse interactions between microwaves and irradiated media provide a solid foundation for identifying novel organization pathways for energy flow. In this study, a high-energy-site phenomenon and targeted-energy transition mechanism were identified in a particular microwave heating (MH) process. Intense discharges were observed when microwaves were imposed on irregularly sized SiC particles, producing tremendous heat that was 8-fold the amount generated in the discharge-free case. Energy efficiency was thereby greatly improved in the electricity-microwaves-effective heat transition. Meanwhile, the dispersed microwave field energy concentrated in small sites, where local temperatures could reach 2000°C– 4000°C, with the energy density reaching up to 4.0 × 105 W/kg. This can be called a high-energy site phenomenon which could induce further processes or reactions enhancement by coupling effects of heat, light, and plasma. The whole process, including microwave energy concentration and intense site-energy release, shapes a targeted-energy transition mechanism that can be optimized in a controlled manner through morphology design. In particular, the discharge intensity, frequency, and high-energy sites were strengthened through the fabrication of sharp nano/microstructures, conferring twice the energy efficiency of untreated metal wires. The microwave-induced high-energy sites and targeted energy transition provide an important pathway for high-efficiency energy deployment and may lead to promising applications.

关键词： microwave discharge     high-energy sites     targeted-energy transition     morphology design     energy efficiency    

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核能发展国际高端论坛 International Summit on Nuclear Energy Development

会议日期： 2019年05月15日

会议地点： 中国

主办单位： 中国工程院

Analysis of energy saving optimization of campus buildings based on energy simulation

Dingding TONG, Jing ZHAO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年 第7卷 第3期   页码 388-398 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0273-7

摘要： The energy consumption of campus buildings has specific characteristics, because of the concentrated distribution of people’s working time and locations that change in line with distinct seasonal features. The traditional energy system design and operation for campus buildings is only based on the constant room temperature, such as 25°C in summer and 18°C in winter in China, not taking into consideration the real heating or cooling load characteristics of campus buildings with different functions during the whole day and whole year, which usually results in a lot of energy waste. This paper proposes to set different set-point temperatures in different operation stages of public and residential campus buildings to reduce the heating and cooling design load for energy station and total campus energy consumption for annual operation. Taking a campus under construction in Tianjin, China as an example, two kinds of single building models were established as the typical public building and residential building models on the campus. Besides, the models were simulated at both set-point room temperature and constant room temperature respectively. The comparison of the simulation results showed that the single building energy saving method of the peak load clipping could be used for further analysis of the annual energy consumption of campus building groups. The results proved that the strategy of set-point temperature optimization could efficiently reduce the design load and energy consumption of campus building groups.

关键词： campus buildings     set-point temperature     energy simulation     energy saving optimization    

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Modeling China’s energy dilemma: conflicts among energy saving, energy security, and CO 2 mitigation

Feng FU, Zheng LI, Linwei MA,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第3期   页码 295-300 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0104-z

摘要： This study analyzes China’s future energy scenarios stretching until 2050 under different policy portfolios of energy security (e.g., oil import dependency) and CO emissions control. Four scenarios, namely, ① business as usual, ② strong oil import dependency (OID) control, ③ strong CO emissions control, and ④ twofold emphasis on OID and CO emissions control, are designed. The results reveal the existence of conflicts among China’s multiple objectives, particularly energy saving, energy security, and CO mitigation. Based on the analysis, an improvement in China’s efficiency in fossil energy conversion and the promotion of the utilization of non-fossil energy such as nuclear, wind, and hydro energy are recommended. The over-development of coal-derived fuels should also be avoided because of incremental coal consumption and CO emissions. Furthermore, research on and development of carbon capture and storage technologies should be promoted, while the energy efficiency loss caused by integrating these technologies into energy systems should be reduced in view of the high possibility of stricter standards for CO emissions in the future.

关键词： Energy dilemma     energy saving     energy security     CO2 mitigation    

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Blockchain in energy systems: values, opportunities, and limitations

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第1期   页码 9-18 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0818-8

摘要： The structure of a power energy system is becoming more distributed than before. It becomes challenging to manage such a system in a centralized way, because a central authority may not exist or may not be trusted by all parties. Blockchain is a promising tool to address this challenge, by enabling trusted collaboration in the absence of a trusted central authority. Its use in the energy sector has been pioneered by several pilot projects. However, to date the energy sector has not seen large-scale deployment of blockchain, partly because the founders of those pilot projects, the public, and utilities have not reached consensus on the values and limitations of blockchain in energy. This perspective aims to bridge this gap. First, the philosophy and unique values of blockchain are discussed. Second, some promising blockchain-based applications in energy systems are presented. Third, some common misunderstandings of blockchain in energy are discussed. Last, some frequently-asked questions from utilities are discussed. Hopefully this perspective can help advance large-scale deployment of blockchain in energy systems.

关键词： blockchain     immutability     energy trading     energy management     data synchronization    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Strategic analysis of China’s geothermal energy industry

Hao GONG, Baicun WANG, Haijun LIANG, Zuoxian LUO, Yaofeng CAO

期刊论文

Large-scale geo-energy development: Sustainability impacts

Li JIANG,Liandong ZHU,Erkki HILTUNEN

期刊论文

深部矿产和地热资源共采战略研究

蔡美峰,多吉,陈湘生,毛景文,唐春安,刘志强,纪洪广,任奋华, 郭奇峰,李鹏

期刊论文

典型高温地热系统——羊八井热田基本特征

多吉

期刊论文

A comprehensive review of renewable energy resources for electricity generation in Australia

Alireza HEIDARI, Ali ESMAEEL NEZHAD, Ahmad TAVAKOLI, Navid REZAEI, Foad H. GANDOMAN, Mohammad Reza MIVEH, Abdollah AHMADI, Majid MALEKPOUR

期刊论文

A novel flow-resistor network model for characterizing enhanced geothermal system heat reservoir

Jian GUO, Wenjiong CAO, Yiwei WANG, Fangming JIANG

期刊论文

Thermo-economic analysis of a direct supercritical CO electric power generation system using geothermal

期刊论文

地热能储存与CO2封存和利用的一体化框架

刘月亮, 胡婷, 芮振华, 张政, 都凯, 杨涛, Birol Dindoruk, Erling Halfdan Stenby, Farshid Torabi, Andrey Afanasyevc

期刊论文

A numerical study of non-Darcy flow in EGS heat reservoirs during heat extraction

Wenjiong CAO, Wenbo HUANG, Guoling WEI, Yunlong JIN, Fangming JIANG

期刊论文

核能发展国际高端论坛 International Summit on Nuclear Energy Development

2019年05月15日

会议信息

Microwave-induced high-energy sites and targeted energy transition promising for efficient energy deployment

期刊论文

核能发展国际高端论坛 International Summit on Nuclear Energy Development

2019年05月15日

会议信息

Analysis of energy saving optimization of campus buildings based on energy simulation

Dingding TONG, Jing ZHAO

期刊论文

Modeling China’s energy dilemma: conflicts among energy saving, energy security, and CO 2 mitigation

Feng FU, Zheng LI, Linwei MA,

期刊论文

Blockchain in energy systems: values, opportunities, and limitations

期刊论文